P4-M2

P4- Technical Model

Stance, the stance of a netball player is important as this allows them to ‘hold their ground’. As a netball player you need to make sure that you are always on the balls of your feet and you are ready to dodge or turn and receive the ball, this lets the game move faster and is important as you only have a maximum of 3 seconds with the netball. You need to be able to hold your players back and make sure that they aren’t able to come around you and intercept or gain possession of the ball. Her stance is very good as she is managing to hold her ground as she is maintain a tall, strong and solid stance. I can see that this is a strength as this is exactly what she needs to do to be a successful netball player, without giving the opposition possession of the ball.

http://www.quinticnetball.com/9-top-netball-shooting-drills/
Balance, this is important for a netball player as they need to be able to remain and contain a stable posture so that they don’t do any footwork so that the other team don’t gain possession of the ball. With defenders it is important that they have balance so that when they are marking the opposition they are able to stay on their tip toes without falling into the player and causing obstruction this in turn will make it hard for the other defender, it is also important as balance links with their agility and how they need to balanced at all times just like every player are they need to be ready at all times to move and change direction, otherwise this could lead to them tripping over their own feet. Balance is important for other positions as well such as goal shooter and goal attack as they need balance in order to improve their aim when it comes to them shooting, also when they shoot sometimes they either step back or step forwards depending on where the defender is so that they are able to make a successful shot and feel more comfortable, this means that they are having to balance on one foot as if they were to use the other foot they would be called up for footwork giving the opposition possession of the ball. With the athlete I looked at she always needs to make sure that she has a good balance as this is an important aspect when she is shooting as if she had no balance this would then mess with her aim causing her to miss the shot. As I was with the athlete when she was shooting I was able to see that she had good balance as she didn't miss a single shot and managed to get them all in meaning that her aim was really good. This is a strength as it means that she'll be able to score more goals possibly result in her winning the game.
http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=122042

Body position, the position of your body is also important as being a defender you need to make sure that you aren’t allowing the opposition into that open space where they can receive the ball, this would mean positioning yourself just in front of them as well as working with the other defender making sure that you are blocking them out and that they don’t have easy access to the free space. As well as this all players needs to make sure that they are a meter away from the opposition when they are marking them so that they aren’t called up for footwork at any point during the game.
Looking at my athlete I can see that she has a very good body position as she is making her as tall and extended as possible which in turn means that its harder for the defender to defend the ball when it comes to her shooting. This is a strength as it means that when she is shooting the ball is less likely to be intercepted as she is attempting to make herself taller than the defender and putting the ball higher than the defender can reach.
https://www.sportplan.net/s/Netball/body-position-defending.jsp
Footwork, you need to be able to get your footwork right throughout the whole game so that you aren’t giving the opposition possession of the ball. You need to make sure that you are always on the ball of your feet so that you are ready to turn and change position, this helps with dodging when you are being defended and you are trying to go into a free or open space to receive the ball from a team mate. Looking at my athlete I can see that she has good footwork as her feet are stable and secure in the position that they are in and there was no way she was going to do footwork. This is a strength as if she didn't have good footwork this would mess with her aim as well as in a gaming environment would result in the opposition gaining possession of the ball.

M2- Methodology

We collected of data through video analysis, we set a camera up in the netball sports hall making sure that there was a plain background, and there were no other people in the background that could take the focus off of the athlete we were looking at. I also had to make sure that the athlete was in the shot, and then to make sure they were in the middle we used a meter measuring stick making sure it was centered as well as the athlete, then we have to put little crosses with tape in the places that we needed to be able to see on the athlete such as on the hip, ankle, elbow and shoulder so that these were visible for us to see when we were looking back and analysing the athletes performance. Using these markers was very important especially when we looked at kinovea and we had to be able to see the markers so we could get accurate results when we were measuring the angle of the elbow, having a marker there allowed us to see where the elbow was on the recording. If we didn't have the markers there it would be difficult to see where the elbow was or began meaning the results would be as accurate. Once we had this data we analysed it on Kinovea this took us through a slow motion step by step of our video analysis and allowed us to analyse the video in sections getting a clear understanding of the movement happening. To reduce error we used marking which we put all over the client, this made sure that she was in the correct position and her stance as well as body position were correct and in the view of the camera. The markers were put on her shoulder, elbow, hip, ankle and her side, this means that we were able to identify all these parts of her body easily when we watched the video back. To reduce error we also made sure that the background was plain and that there were no people in the background as well as no distractions that could reduce the attention of the athlete. We made sure that we didn’t record the performance once but we recorded it a couple of times so that we were then happy with the recording and we could clearly see the movement happening.

Putting markers on the performer allowed us to reduce error as we were able to clearly see what we were looking at when watching the athlete perform her movement. As well as this it was important that she was stood in the correct stance and her body was in the correct position because this means that she was comfortable with the way she was stood as well as we could see her full body and there was no unwanted errors involved within the video. With the background being plain this reduced error as there was nothing in the background that could take our attention off of the athlete performing her movement as well as this it was important that there were no other athletes or people in the recording as this could confuse us as well as the analysing technology we use Kinovea, as there would be multiple people that we could be watching and we could be confused about who were watching. Recording it multiple times means that we were able to delete the bad recordings and keep the good ones, this means that we got a good and clear recording of the athlete performing her movement which we were able to successfully analyze.

Parallax Error and Perspective Error

Parallax Error is when a direction or the position of the same object differentiates when you look at in different positions, meaning that you get a different reading when you look at it at different angles. Perspective Error this is when the correct height, width, depth and position is right when it comes to looking at three-dimensional objects and/or a two-dimensional surface. Parallax error and perspective error were both reduced reduced as we used a meter stick to make sure that the athlete and camera were both centered as well as this we made sure that the athlete was completely in the shot so that the recording was accurate. As well as this when taking the recoding we made sure that the background was plain so there were no other distractions and the focus was mainly on the athlete we were analysing. With this we also had to make sure that the camera was angled the same way as the athlete this meant that the perspective was the same. The reason why we reduced both parallax error and perspective error is because if these both weren't reduce it would then have increased the inaccuracy of the performance as well as the invalidity as your view of the performer would be different, and you needed to make sure that the whole of the athlete was in the shot.

 

Deterministic Modeling

What is it?

This is a concept map that describes the different biomechanical factors that help determine of movements and actions, it starts with the primary performance factors, then moves on and breaks them down into secondary factors. These tend to have many different levels. An example of a deterministic model would be that a primary factor would be time, secondary, average speed and/or distance, tertiary factors are stride lengths and stride frequency, and quaternary factors are take-off, and flight and landing distance as well as stride time. Finally quinary factors include speed of take-off, air resistance, ground contact time, flight time, angle and height of take-off.

Why would it be used?

It is used to break down different component so that it is easier for the athlete as well as coach to understand what they need to work on and also what are their strengths as well as what they need to improve. If they have a good stride length but not a good flight distance this would mean that they don’t need to work on their stride length but it’s important for them to work on their flight distance.

How would it be used?

You would use this technique on an athlete to help with their performance to help identify their strength and areas for performance.

Produce your own model of it for a skill of your choice

 

Which 3 numerical Components

Joint elbow at the start and finish, height and angle of the ball, all are the numerical components.

Stance, balance, body position, footwork, all are the technical components.

Glossary

Notational Analysis

This is what is used to analyse performance of either an individual or team. This is when you look at different techniques and tactics of a performer, this data is then recorded and is used in following matches to improve performance as well as to gain advantage over the opposition. Athletes and coaches use this to identify strengths and areas for improvement.

Performance Criteria

There are different performance criteria’s for different sports. This is basically a list of factors that are needed to aid as well as improve your sporting performance such as, shot and pass accuracy, rebounds and successful catches.

Numerical Model

A numerical model is a model that uses numbers to obtain the behaviour over a long period or set period of time.

Linear Motion

Linear motion involves vector, which is a measurement in a certain direction, scalar this is a simple measurement which has no direction. Within linear there are many different quantities these include speed, velocity, displacement, acceleration and can be distance.

 

Linear velocity is when we measure the rate at which an object changes position, the equation is:

 

Velocity (m/s¹) + displacement (change in position) ÷ time.

 

Acceleration is the rate at which that velocity changes, the equation is:

 

Acceleration (m/s²) = change in velocity (V_f – V_i ) ÷ time taken (t).

Angular Motion

Within angular motion the different quantities are displacement, acceleration and velocity. Velocity is the rate at which the angular displacement changes and can be described as the speed of rotation, the equation is:

 

Angular velocity (ω) = angular displacement (θ) ÷ time (t).

 

Acceleration is the rate at which the angular velocity changes, and the equation is:

 

Angular acceleration = change (∆) in angular velocity (ωf – ωi) ÷ time (t). Displacement is a change in position from the starting position: Displacement = Velocity x Time

Inertia

This is an objects resistance to move and is determined by the mass of the object. But when it comes to angular motion this resistance to movement is due to not only the mass of the object but also where this mass is located.

An example is an Olympic high diver when they come to do a summersault where they tuck themselves in to reduce their inertia meaning their body is then able to rotate faster. But when they come to straighten their body when they enter the water this will increase their inertia and slow down the rotation of their body. Inertias units are kgm². When we look at the equation we see that looking at the distance most of the mass comes from the axis of rotation and has more of an effect on angular inertia than the objects actual mass.

Moment of inertia = mass of any particle within the object × (distance from the particle to the axis of rotation) ²

Centre of Mass

This is an imagery point where the mass of an object is considered to act. All objects are able to balance at their centre of mass point, the centre of mass can lie outside of the body. When it comes to humans their centre of mass lie a metre into their body meaning it can be found just above the waist. When we think about the location of the centre of mass this is determined by the shape of the body and if the body moves, this will shift the centre of mass. An example is when an athlete bends their legs this then lowers their centre of mass and results in a greater stability. If a ridged or misshaped body went through the air the centre of mass would form a parabolic arc.

Projectile Motion

When we launch ourselves or an object like a javelin into the air this is called a projectile. A projectile is a subject that only uses the forces of both gravity and air resistance.

A projectiles flight and trajectory is affected by different mechanical principles, including, the angle at which it was released, the height it was released at, the velocity it was released at and also the angle of attack.

Parallax Error

This is a displacement or the difference in the position of a certain object this can be seen through different lines of sight. Parallax errors are measured by either the angle or semi-angle of disposition between those two different lines. An error can occur when the scale is too thick or it is above or below the scaled as well as when our vision isn’t perpendicular to the scale, this means you will get a different reading or result to those looking at it from a different angle.

 

 

 

Proposal Experiment to Coach
Netball

How?

We are going to collect the data by using a tally chart and this notational analysis. We are looking at the successful and unsuccessful passes, catching, rebounds and shots. To do it we will record a netball game and then focus on one player, specifically the goal attack. (Emily Court)

Why?

The reason we are doing this is because we want to able to compare an amateur netball players performance to an elite players performance comparing the difference and similarities.

What you expect to find?

As she is a shooter we expect to find that her success rate is going to be lower than that of an elite athlete. This means that she isn’t going to get as many shots in as an elite player would.

What research will you use?

We will look at an elite performer playing in a game and compare that. We will specifically looking at Pamela Cookey in the common wealth netball game this is because she plays at an elite level as well as playing in the same position of goal attack.

Stage 1) Starting position.

 

Stage 2) The elbow starts off at 96 degrees. When the elbow is flexed the optimal angle is 90 to 104 degrees as said by Biomechanics factors affecting performance in netball, 1993.

Distance is also something that we should look at when shooting, this is important because this can help increase and decrease the accuracy of the shot. The optimal distance for shooting is between 3-5 feet from the post as said by Elliot and Smith, 1983. The mechanics of the shooting action may change depending on the distance they are shooting from as well as the height of the player.

Stage 3) the angle of release is 130 degrees and the angle of the elbow is 163 degrees.

Elliot and Smith did a study in 1983 stating that the average angle of release in netball is said to be 59.8 degrees horizontally. Also the release of the netball would have to be slightly above 45 degrees and but below 70 degrees.

The release point of the ball is always directly above the head. When this happens the trunk of the body is straight and the head is upright facing the goal. Athletes extend their arms to help with the release of the ball. The release height and angle is majorly influenced by the extension     of the knees, arms and elbows as stated by Steele, 1990.

Stage 4) the height of release of the ball is 2.13m.

The height of release of the ball can be dependent on the height of the defender that the athlete is having to face whilst shooting, therefore this can affect the angle of release as you are having to get it above the defender so the angle of release will be a lot higher.

 

 

                                               

 

 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2204101

http://biomechanicsnetaball.blogspot.co.uk/

http://ebaldwin-netballbiomechanics.blogspot.co.uk/

 

P2-M1-D1, Notational Analysis on Pamela Cookey as Goal Attack Performance in the England vs. South Africa Europe Open Championships.

The scores each round were;

England vs. South Africa 

18-9

33-15

47-24

69-33

Pamela only played 3 out of 4 of those quarters due to her being subbed off. As well as collecting all this notational analysis I was also able to jot down that she conceded six interceptions as well as made one contact on her opposing player, giving South Africa possession of the ball as well as holding the ball for longer than three seconds as she hesitated her shot. Putting both her successful and unsuccessful shots together all together through out the 45 minutes she was playing she made 33 attempted shots, of which 28 were successful. This means that 85% of her shots were successful, 89% of her catches were successful, 84% of her passes were successful and 71% of her rebounds were unsuccessful.

I can see that Pamela has a lot of strengths such as her passes, catches and shots, as she made very little unsuccessful ones. However looking at her rebounds I didn't see such a great performance as she managed to concede 4 out of a possible 14, those 10 rebounds that she didn't manage to get resulted in the opposing team gaining possession of the ball and putting them up a point. As most of these shot were due to the goal shooter missing Pamela should positioned herself under the goal ready to receive this ball if there was a rebound an most of the time she was never there but instead was walking back to her starting position and she just assumed that the goal shooter would get it in. When the rebound was due to her missing the shot you saw that sometimes she never tried for the rebound she just let the tall goal shooter go for it but then other time she did try to get the rebound but she was never tall enough, as she is one of the shorter players which already puts her at a disadvantage when it comes to conceding the rebound, which is unlucky for Pamela.

Research states that passing is an important skills to practice and learn as if you had poor passing skills this could cause your team to lose. Practicing passing and catching is important as you don't want to drop the ball and for it to then be in possession of the opposition. As well as this it is said that poor passing could lead to a lot of frustration from the other players within your team, if they see a team mate playing bad then this could also affect their performance in a negative way.

http://www.ilovenetball.com/netball-passing.html

Shooting is very important for goal shooters and goal attacks as the goals that these positions score are what could lead to you and your team winning the match. Every time they come to take the shot it is vital that they learn to manage the pressure that is put on them as this could affect the accuracy of the shot and could lead to them missing.

Getting the rebound and following your shot is an important aspect in both the shooters performance as this is what allows them to have another shot if they miss as well as keep possession of the ball. If they follow their shot and not allow the other team to get the ball this means that they are likely to score the next goal and it prevents the opposition from scoring a goal. If you weren't to get the rebound this would lead the opposition to get the ball and potentially score the goal, putting you one goal down.

http://www.sportplan.net/drills/Netball/Shooting/practiceIndex.jsp

I then saw that she made some silly mistakes such as dropping the ball, most of these dropped balls happened in the first quarter but she gradually got better and the number of unsuccessful catches decreased. However due to these dropped balls South Africa were able to take possession of the ball and this lead to a goal. Most of her unsuccessful passes and catches were due to her going too fast and not taking her time even though she had 3 seconds as soon as she got the ball she would release it, as most of the time this would work it was okay but some of the time it didn't and it made her performance slack. She did concede 6 interceptions though and this was a very good performance as she isn't a defender and you never really see attackers making interceptions to battle through and make interception thus gaining possession of the ball there was a lift in her performance. Some of these interceptions did lead to turn over as she was too fast and it either lead to someone doing footwork or Pamela rushing with the ball and making an unsuccessful pass so this was a shame and if the scores were closer this could've affected the team performance as well as score and could've potentially ended up in England losing. 

P2- Notational Analysis on Pamela Cookey as Goal Attack Performance in the England vs. Silver Ferns Common Wealth Games 2014

	Successful	Unsuccessful
Passes	IIII IIII IIII III 18	0
Catches	IIII IIII IIII IIII III 23	IIII 4
Shots	IIII III 8	II 2
Rebounds	0	II 2

For this game the scores each round were;

England vs. Silver Ferns

13-9

20-23

28-39

32-49

 



Pamela only played 2 out of 4 of those quarters due to her being subbed off by another shooter this is the reason to why her stats aren't as high as they should be. Also whilst I was collecting this notational analysis I also noticed she conceded 2 intercepti

ons then failed on gaining possession of 2 rebounds but then she managed to make no footwork or contact as well as never broke the 3 second rule. When we look at her successful and unsuccessful shots we see that in 30 minutes she made 10 attempted shots, of which 8 were successful. This means that 80% of her shots were successful, 100% of her passes were successful and then 100% of her rebounds were unsuccessful.

 

In this performance I can see that Pamela's strengths include her passing and catching and this in turn is very good as these are very important skills to have whilst playing netball. One of her weaknesses included rebounds as she never really went in for them but instead let the other team gain possession of the ball and this was a bad idea as we can clearly see it lead to them wining, maybe this contributed to the goals they got as looking at the Silver Ferns performance I managed to see that the goal shooter barely ever missed a shot or a rebound so she was basically able to get a goal every time she touched the ball. However during this game she didn't make any contacts or footwork as well as she didn't break the 3 second rule and instead she made 2 interceptions which then lead to England gaining possession of the ball and shooting so this benefitted the team and their performance.

Comparing the Games

These games are quite similar but we do see some changes. I can see these changes being in the Silver Ferns match, as she did only play for 2 quarters the stats are lower than they should be and than the game against South Africa as she player 3 quarters in that match. However we do see the same strengths and weaknesses, such as in both game she made more successful passes and catches than unsuccessful and the same with the number of successful shots as well as this she conceded more unsuccessful rebound than successful. But looking at these matches we can see a change over time, as one game was in 2014 and one was in 2015 this gave Pamela as well as England more time to practise and work as a team, this then resulted in them playing better against South Africa than they played against the Silver Ferns. I also managed to look at the passes and catches and catches made during each match and during the first one you can see that she made double the catches in 3 quarters than she did in 2, she then almost made triple the catches and shots, this shows that in the game against South Africa she was more involved as her performance has developed and this in turn could've developed her confidence and all around performance.

D1

"Believe in yourself. You want to have confidence in your ability to make the shot every time you shoot. Confident shooters control their thoughts, feelings, and shooting skill". With Pamela being and a shooter and looking at all her strength such as catching, passing and shooting these are all important for both the athlete and the team as they could affect both of their performances in a negative way if they are done incorrectly. Looking at the quote I understand that Pamela needs the confidence and motivation to complete a shot if she was to miss shots and to keep missing shot this would lead to the team not scoring as much as they need to and at the professional level Pamela and the team is at this shouldn't be happening, this would therefore demotivate them as they know they aren't going to win and they know they aren't performing to their best, impacting their performance in a negative way. With Pamela missing shots this would then motivate the opposition and cause them to play a lot better as they are potentially going to win they would then end up over shining England and playing a lot better than them. If Pamela kept missing shots this is how her motivation as well as performance would decrease because she would doubt herself when it came to shooting the next time round, as well as this the team would struggle as they are trying their best to get the ball into the circle and if Pamela keeps missing and the opposition get the ball they are then having to work harder to get the ball back. Shooting is arguable the most important aspect of the game as you don't want it to end in 0-0.

If any of the players were to drop the ball this would then lead to the ball being in possession of the other team if they were to pick it up as well as if Pamela was to drop the ball then pick it back up this would mean that she has replayed the ball and the other team would then gain possession. Not catching the ball would decrease the athletes performance because she is making silly and rookie mistakes that shouldn't be made at her level of play as catchign and passing are the aspects at which you learn at an early stage and if she isn't able to do these then she may doubt her performance and her ability to play netball, and could potentially affect her shooting as she is begin to doubt everything that she is doing. If the opposition team are better at catching then they are less likely to make any of these errors, this means that their performance will be a lot better than England's. "A team that can pass effectively will not only get into better positions during a match but will also expend far less energy in doing so". Passing is important to practice because you need to make sure that the passes are powerful and accurate as well as that you are able to use a wide variety of passes, if they aren't powerful enough this would then result in the other team gaining possession of the ball as well as this if its not accurate it will end up going to the player you want it to and could land in the hands of the opposition. Looking at the quote it is stating that different variety of passes can help save energy, rather than always doing chest passes where you have to remain close to one another you can use long passes such as shoulder passes or over head passes, these go a lot further and you don't have to be as close to one another, as well as this the quote explain the important of the accuracy of the pass, if the pass is accurate the game as well as the athlete is able to move a lot faster as the ball is being placed in front of them and they aren't having t move out of their way or to make any risky catches whilst moving to get the ball.  If the team had better passing techniques than England this would then open up a lot of opportunities for them as they will be able to do a wide variety of different passes as well as more accurate and powerful passes making it harder for England to intercept the ball.

"More rebounds means more opportunities for your team to score and less opportunities for your opponents". The only area for improvement is rebounding and looking at the quote makes you realize how important rebounding is and why she needs to improve it and why she needs to follow her shot so that the opposition aren't able to gain possession of the ball as well as she can have another chance to shoot the ball, increasing the amount of goal she scores. As she didn't get the rebound much because she chose not to follow her shot this decrease her goal percentage as well as made her look like she wasn't putting a lot of effort in, even though she was, she just never went for the rebound. This then lead in the other team getting it into their goal third and scoring the goal, putting England a goal down and therefore decreasing the teams as well as Pamela's motivation as they were losing. If the other team were able to collect more rebounds in the attacking area this would then give them the opportunity to gain more goals as this would then give them the opportunity to shoot again and score the goal, as well as this if they knew they were winning their motivation would increase, whilst England decreasing eventually over powering England.

http://www.englandnetball.co.uk/

https://www.coachup.com/resources/basketball/the-importance-of-rebounding-and-wha

http://www.talkbasketball.co.uk/guides/basketball_skills_passing.html

http://www.basketballworld.com/article.html